Fast screening of enteropathogens in marine water samples.

This study aimed to fast screen the microbiological contamination of recreational waters using a TaqMan Array Card (TAC), a multiplexed platform designed for the simultaneous detection of 35 enteropathogens. Surface and deep marine water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation and processed for nucleic acid extraction protocol using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. Twelve microorganisms and parasites, including bacteria (n = 6), protozoa (4), and viruses (2), were detected in 85.7% (24/28) of samples. Campylobacter (82.1%), Cryptosporidium (39.3%), and adenovirus (14.3%) were the most detected pathogens. Neither fungi nor helminths were detected. A spatial pollution profile of microbiological contamination was observed in the area. Methodologies for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens, such as TAC, can assist decision-makers by providing a quick assessment of the microbiological water quality in areas used for recreational purposes, which in many cases are in accordance with the bacteriological indicators.

Separation of Escherichia coli from natural samples for identification of sources and microcosm inoculation.

Obtaining uncultured Escherichia coli from natural waters is an important step in the study of microbes in the environment, which are critical for bacterial decay and microbial source tracking. The quality of the samples used can influence the assays, because high contaminant concentrations, differing cell ages, and physiologic states can impair results. The proposed separation is based on a three-step filtration method applied to replicates of seven samples from a sewage plant affluent, collected in different periods. Aliquots of the leachate were inoculated into microcosms, aiming to observe the cultivability of the cells. The assay resulted in colimetry values ranging between 104 and 105 cells. In the leachate, averages of 1.05% of total coliforms and 1.10% of Escherichia coli were recovered from original samples. Although enduring unfavorable temperatures, salinities, and nutritional conditions, the inoculated microcosm populations grew approximately 310 times after 24 h. The final leachate contained cultivable cells in appropriate physiological states and quantities for inoculum in microcosm sets. The bacteria obtained from the leachate were also appropriate for surveys of microbial source tracking, because, in the developed procedure, organisms were separated from contaminants, while cell concentrations were sufficient for inocula.

Uso de sistemas modulares vegetados para promoção da saúde urbana e atenuação do estresse térmico / Urban health promotion and thermal stress attenuation with the use of green roofs

RESUMO O processo de urbanização possui efeitos significativos no microclima local, resultando no surgimento das ilhas de calor e comprometimento das condições térmicas no interior de habitações. A aplicação de sistemas modulares vegetados em telhados ou coberturas surge como alternativa à melhoria das condições térmicas no interior de habitações, dispensando, algumas vezes, a climatização artificial e promovendo melhores condições de salubridade no ambiente. A avaliação da atenuação do estresse foi realizada por meio da comparação entre duas habitações protótipos idênticas em que uma possui telhado e paredes vegetadas, e a outra, não. O estresse térmico foi avaliado com base no Índice de Calor, que considera os efeitos combinados da temperatura e umidade relativa. O sistema modular vegetado exerceu papel importante na atenuação do estresse térmico nas habitações, melhorando os parâmetros das condições de salubridade ambiental e minimizando riscos associados à saúde. Os Índices de Calor máximos registrados nos protótipos não vegetado e vegetado foram 57,5°C e 49,2°C respectivamente. Em termos de atenuação do estresse térmico, a adoção dos sistemas vegetados diminui o tempo de exposição de condições térmicas referentes às condições de 'perigo' a 'perigo extremo' de 17,3% para 5,4%.

ABSTRACT The urbanization process produces significant effects on local microclimate, resulting in heat islands and the worsening of thermal conditions inside housing facilities. The implementation of green roofs arises as an alternative in the improvement of indoor thermal conditions in housings, leading sometimes to energy savings as for air conditioning and promoting better health conditions. The evaluation of thermal stress attenuation was performed by comparing two identical prototype housings, where one has green roof and walls, and the other does not. Thermal stress was evaluated based on the Heat Index, which considers the combined effects of temperature and relative humidity. The green roof system played an important role in the attenuation of thermal stress in housings by improving environmental health conditions and minimizing health related risks. The maximum heat indices recorded in the non-vegetated and vegetated prototypes were 57.5 ° C and 49.2 ° C, respectively. In terms of thermal stress attenuation, the adoption of vegetated (green roof) systems decreases the time of exposure of thermal conditions regarding hazardous and extreme danger conditions from 17.3% to 5.4%.

Ocean outfalls as an alternative to minimizing risks to human and environmental health. / Emissários submarinos de esgotos como alternativa à minimização de riscos à saúde humana e ambiental.

Submarine outfalls are proposed as an efficient alternative for the final destination of wastewater in densely populated coastal areas, due to the high dispersal capacity and the clearance of organic matter in the marine environment, and because they require small areas for implementation. This paper evaluates the probability of unsuitable bathing conditions in coastal areas nearby to the Ipanema, Barra da Tijuca and Icaraí outfalls based on a computational methodology gathering hydrodynamic, pollutant transport, and bacterial decay modelling. The results show a strong influence of solar radiation and all factors that mitigate its levels in the marine environment on coliform concentration. The aforementioned outfalls do not pollute the coastal areas, and unsuitable bathing conditions are restricted to nearby effluent launching points. The pollution observed at the beaches indicates that the contamination occurs due to the polluted estuarine systems, rivers and canals that flow to the coast.

Emissários submarinos de esgotos como alternativa à minimização de riscos à saúde humana e ambiental / Ocean outfalls as an alternative to minimizing risks to human and environmental health

Resumo Emissários submarinos são apresentados como uma eficiente alternativa para o destino final de efluentes sanitários em regiões costeiras densamente povoadas em virtude da elevada capacidade de dispersão e depuração da matéria orgânica no ambiente marinho, e por demandar pequenas áreas para sua implementação. A probabilidade de condições improprias de balneabilidade, em áreas costeiras adjacentes aos emissários submarinos de esgotos de Ipanema, Barra da Tijuca e Icaraí, é avaliada com base em metodologia computacional probabilística que contempla em conjunto a modelagem hidrodinâmica, de transporte e decaimento bacteriano. Os resultados mostram que as concentrações de coliformes fecais são influenciadas fortemente pela radiação solar e todos os fatores responsáveis por sua mitigação no ambiente marinho. Os referidos emissários não comprometem a balneabilidade na região costeira, visto que as condições improprias de balneabilidade são restringidas às regiões adjacentes aos pontos de lançamento do efluente. A poluição observada nas praias é indicativa da contaminação que ocorre pelos sistemas lagunares, rios e canais ambientalmente degradados.

Abstract Submarine outfalls are proposed as an efficient alternative for the final destination of wastewater in densely populated coastal areas, due to the high dispersal capacity and the clearance of organic matter in the marine environment, and because they require small areas for implementation. This paper evaluates the probability of unsuitable bathing conditions in coastal areas nearby to the Ipanema, Barra da Tijuca and Icaraí outfalls based on a computational methodology gathering hydrodynamic, pollutant transport, and bacterial decay modelling. The results show a strong influence of solar radiation and all factors that mitigate its levels in the marine environment on coliform concentration. The aforementioned outfalls do not pollute the coastal areas, and unsuitable bathing conditions are restricted to nearby effluent launching points. The pollution observed at the beaches indicates that the contamination occurs due to the polluted estuarine systems, rivers and canals that flow to the coast.